| | Mauritania(MORİTANYA) | |
| | Yazar | Mesaj |
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Paylaşım : Çalışkanlık : Aktiflik : Ülke : Mesaj Sayısı : 19477 Yaş : 31 Nerden : BURSA İş/Hobiler : Spor yapmak Lakap : Opet - Bill Gates - Abdül - Feyk Ruh Hali : Takımı : Rep Gücü : 2147483647 Kayıt tarihi : 31/07/08
| Konu: Mauritania(MORİTANYA) Cuma Nis. 03, 2009 5:25 pm | |
| Independent from France in 1960, Mauritania annexed the southern third of the former Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara) in 1976, but relinquished it after three years of raids by the Polisario guerrilla front seeking independence for the territory. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA seized power in a coup in 1984 and ruled Mauritania with a heavy hand for over two decades. A series of presidential elections that he held were widely seen as flawed. A bloodless coup in August 2005 deposed President TAYA and ushered in a military council that oversaw a transition to democratic rule. Independent candidate Sidi Ould Cheikh ABDALLAHI was inaugurated in April 2007 as Mauritania's first freely and fairly elected president. His term ended prematurely in August 2008 when a military junta deposed him and ushered in a military council government. Meanwhile, the country continues to experience ethnic tensions among its black population (Afro-Mauritanians) and White and Black Moor (Arab-Berber) communities. | |
| | | Admin Admin
Paylaşım : Çalışkanlık : Aktiflik : Ülke : Mesaj Sayısı : 19477 Yaş : 31 Nerden : BURSA İş/Hobiler : Spor yapmak Lakap : Opet - Bill Gates - Abdül - Feyk Ruh Hali : Takımı : Rep Gücü : 2147483647 Kayıt tarihi : 31/07/08
| Konu: Geri: Mauritania(MORİTANYA) Cuma Nis. 03, 2009 5:26 pm | |
| Geography Most of the population concentrated in the cities of Nouakchott and Nouadhibou and along the Senegal River in the southern part of the country. Location: Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Senegal and Western Sahara Geographic coordinates: 20 00 N, 12 00 W Area: total: 1,030,700 sq km land: 1,030,400 sq km water: 300 sq km Size comparison: slightly larger than three times the size of New Mexico Land Boundaries: total: 5,074 km border countries: Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, Senegal 813 km, Western Sahara 1,561 km Coastline: 754 km Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin Climate: desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty Terrain: mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills Elevation extremes: lowest point: Sebkhet Te-n-Dghamcha -5 m highest point: Kediet Ijill 915 m Natural resources: iron ore, gypsum, copper, phosphate, diamonds, gold, oil, fish Land use: arable land: 0.2% permanent crops: 0.01% other: 99.79% (2005) Irrigated land: 490 sq km (2002) Natural hazards: hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April; periodic droughts Current Environment Issues: overgrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion aggravated by drought are contributing to desertification; limited natural fresh water resources away from the Senegal, which is the only perennial river; locust infestation International Environment Agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements ^Back to Top People Population: 3,364,940 (July 2008 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 45.3% (male 763,845/female 759,957) 15-64 years: 52.5% (male 872,924/female 894,980) 65 years and over: 2.2% (male 29,147/female 44,087) (2008 est.) Median age: total: 17.2 years male: 16.9 years female: 17.4 years (2008 est.) Population growth rate: 2.852% (2008 est.) Birth rate: 40.14 births/1,000 population (2008 est.) Death rate: 11.61 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.) Net migration rate: NA (2008 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2008 est.) Infant mortality rate: total: 66.65 deaths/1,000 live births male: 69.69 deaths/1,000 live births female: 63.52 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 53.91 years male: 51.61 years female: 56.28 years (2008 est.) Total fertility rate: 5.69 children born/woman (2008 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.6% (2003 est.) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 9,500 (2003 est.) HIV/AIDS - deaths: fewer than 500 (2003 est.) Nationality: noun: Mauritanian(s) adjective: Mauritanian Ethnic groups: mixed Moor/black 40%, Moor 30%, black 30% Religions: Muslim 100% Languages: Arabic (official and national), Pulaar, Soninke, Wolof (all national languages), French, Hassaniya Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 51.2% male: 59.5% female: 43.4% (2000 census) ^Back to Top Government Country name: conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Mauritania conventional short form: Mauritania local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Islamiyah al Muritaniyah local short form: Muritaniyah Government type: military junta Capital: name: Nouakchott geographic coordinates: 18 07 N, 16 02 W time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) Administrative divisions: 12 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 capital district*; Adrar, Assaba, Brakna, Dakhlet Nouadhibou, Gorgol, Guidimaka, Hodh Ech Chargui, Hodh El Gharbi, Inchiri, Nouakchott*, Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza Independence: 28 November 1960 (from France) National holiday: Independence Day, 28 November (1960) Constitution: 12 July 1991 Legal system: a combination of Islamic law and French civil law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: Gen. Mohamed Ould Abdel AZIZ, President of Military High Council of State (since 6 August 2008); note - AZIZ deposed democratically elected President Sidi Ould Cheikh ABDELLAHI in a coup head of government: Prime Minister Moulaye Ould Mohamed LAGHDAF (since 14 August 2008) cabinet: Council of Ministers elections: following the August 2008 coup, the Military High Council of State pledged to hold a new presidential election and subsequently scheduled it for June 2009; under Mauritania's constitution, the president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 11 March 2007 with a runoff between the two leading candidates held on 25 March 2007; prime minister appointed by the president election results: percent of vote - (second round) Sidi Ould Cheikh ABDELLAHI 52.8%, Ahmed Ould DADDAH 47.2% Legislative branch: bicameral legislature consists of the Senate or Majlis al-Shuyukh (56 seats; 53 members elected by municipal leaders and 3 members elected by Mauritanians abroad to serve six-year terms; a portion of seats up for election every two years) and the National Assembly or Majlis al-Watani (95 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 21 January and 4 February 2007 (next to be held 2009); National Assembly - last held 19 November and 3 December 2006 (next to be held in 2011) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Mithaq (coalition of independents and parties associated with the former regime) 37, CFCD (coalition of political parties) 15, representatives of the diaspora 3, undecided 1; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Mithaq 51 (independents 37, PRDR 7, UDP 3, RDU 3, Alternative (El-Badil) 1), CFCD 41 (RFD 16, UFP 9, APP 6, Centrist Reformists 4, HATEM-PMUC 3, RD 2, PUDS 1), RNDLE 1, UCD 1, FP 1 Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Court of Appeals; lower courts Political parties and leaders: Alternative or El-Badil; Centrist Reformists (independent moderate Islamists); Coalition for Forces for Democratic Change or CFCD (coalition of political parties including APP, Centrist Reformists (independent moderate Islamists), HATEM-PMUC, PUDS, RD, RFD, UFP); Democratic and Social Republican Party or PRDS; Democratic Renewal or RD; Mauritanian Party for Unity and Change or HATEM-PMUC; Mithaq (coalition of independents and parties associated with the former regime including Alternative or El-Badil, PRDR, UDP, RDU); National Rally for Freedom, Democracy and Equality or RNDLE; Popular Front or FP [Ch'bih Ould CHEIKH MALAININE]; Popular Progressive Alliance or APP [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR]; Rally of Democratic Forces or RFD [Ahmed Ould DADDAH]; Rally for Democracy and Unity or RDU [Ahmed Ould SIDI BABA]; Republican Party for Democracy and Renewal or PRDR [Boullah Ould MOGUEYA] (formerly ruling Democratic and Social Republican Party or PRDS); Socialist and Democratic Unity Party or PUDS; Union for Democracy and Progress or UDP [Naha Mint MOUKNASS]; Union of Democratic Centre or UCD; Union of the Forces for Progress or UFP Political pressure groups and leaders: General Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CGTM [Abdallahi Ould MOHAMED, secretary general]; Independent Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CLTM [Samory Ould BEYE]; Mauritanian Workers Union or UTM [Mohamed Ely Ould BRAHIM, secretary general] other: Arab nationalists; Ba'thists; Islamists International organization participation: ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Ibrahima DIA chancery: 2129 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 232-5700, 5701 FAX: [1] (202) 319-2623 Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Mark M. BOULWARE embassy: 288 Rue Abdallaye, Rue 42-100 (between Presidency building and Spanish Embassy), Nouakchott mailing address: BP 222, Nouakchott telephone: [222] 525-2660/525-2663 FAX: [222] 525-1592 Executive branch: chief of state: Gen. Mohamed Ould Abdel AZIZ, President of Military High Council of State (since 6 August 2008); note - AZIZ deposed democratically elected President Sidi Ould Cheikh ABDELLAHI in a coup head of government: Prime Minister Moulaye Ould Mohamed LAGHDAF (since 14 August 2008) cabinet: Council of Ministers elections: following the August 2008 coup, the Military High Council of State pledged to hold a new presidential election and subsequently scheduled it for June 2009; under Mauritania's constitution, the president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 11 March 2007 with a runoff between the two leading candidates held on 25 March 2007; prime minister appointed by the president election results: percent of vote - (second round) Sidi Ould Cheikh ABDELLAHI 52.8%, Ahmed Ould DADDAH 47.2% | |
| | | Admin Admin
Paylaşım : Çalışkanlık : Aktiflik : Ülke : Mesaj Sayısı : 19477 Yaş : 31 Nerden : BURSA İş/Hobiler : Spor yapmak Lakap : Opet - Bill Gates - Abdül - Feyk Ruh Hali : Takımı : Rep Gücü : 2147483647 Kayıt tarihi : 31/07/08
| Konu: Geri: Mauritania(MORİTANYA) Cuma Nis. 03, 2009 5:26 pm | |
| Economy Half the population still depends on agriculture and livestock for a livelihood, even though many of the nomads and subsistence farmers were forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s and 1980s. Mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore, which account for nearly 40% of total exports. The nation's coastal waters are among the richest fishing areas in the world, but overexploitation by foreigners threatens this key source of revenue. The country's first deepwater port opened near Nouakchott in 1986. Before 2000, drought and economic mismanagement resulted in a buildup of foreign debt. In February 2000, Mauritania qualified for debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative and nearly all of its foreign debt has since been forgiven. In December 2007 donors pledged $2.1 billion at a triennial Consultative Group review. A new investment code approved in December 2001 improved the opportunities for direct foreign investment. Mauritania and the IMF agreed to a three-year Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) arrangement in 2006 and Mauritania made satisfactory progress, but IMF and World Bank have suspended their programs in Mauritania since the August 2008 coup. Oil prospects, while initially promising, have largely failed to materialize. Meantime the government emphasizes reduction of poverty, improvement of health and education, and promoting privatization of the economy. GDP (purchasing power parity): $6.492 billion (2008 est.) GDP (official exchange rate): $3.625 billion (2008 est.) GDP - real growth rate: 4% (2008 est.) GDP - per capita (PPP): $1,900 (2008 est.) GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 25% industry: 29% services: 46% (2001 est.) Labor force: 786,000 (2001) Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 50% industry: 10% services: 40% (2001 est.) Unemployment rate: 20% (2004 est.) Population below poverty line: 40% (2004 est.) Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.5% highest 10%: 29.5% (2000) Distribution of family income - Gini index: 39 (2000) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.3% (2007 est.) Budget: revenues: $421 million expenditures: $378 million (2002 est.) Agriculture - products: Industries: fish processing, oil production, mining of iron ore, gold, and copper; gypsum deposits have never been exploited Industrial production growth rate: Electricity - production: 412.3 million kWh (2006 est.) Electricity - consumption: 383.4 million kWh (2006 est.) Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2007 est.) Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2007 est.) Oil - production: 14,990 bbl/day (2007 est.) Oil - consumption: 19,320 bbl/day (2006 est.) Oil - exports: 0 bbl/day (2005) Oil - imports: 23,630 bbl/day (2005) Oil - proved reserves: 100 million bbl (1 January 2008 est.) Natural gas - production: 0 cu m (2007 est.) Natural gas - consumption: 0 cu m (2007 est.) Natural gas - exports: 0 cu m (2007 est.) Natural gas - imports: 0 cu m (2007 est.) Natural gas - proved reserves: 28.32 billion cu m (1 January 2008 est.) Current account balance: -$184 million (2007 est.) Exports: $1.395 billion f.o.b. (2006) Exports - commodities: iron ore, fish and fish products, gold, copper, petroleum Exports - partners: China 30.5%, France 9.5%, Italy 8.5%, Spain 8.5%, Japan 5.5%, Netherlands 5.3%, Belgium 5%, Cote d'Ivoire 4.7% (2007) Imports: $1.475 billion f.o.b. (2006) Imports - commodities: machinery and equipment, petroleum products, capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods Imports - partners: France 16.5%, China 8.1%, Spain 6.7%, US 6.1%, Belgium 5.8%, Brazil 5.7% (2007) Debt - external: NA Market value of publicly traded shares: $NA Currency (code): ouguiya (MRO) Exchange rates: ouguiyas (MRO) per US dollar - NA (2007), 271.3 (2006), 267.04 (2005), 265.8 (2004), 263.03 (2003) Fiscal year: calendar year ^Back to Top Communications Telephones in use: 34,900 (2006) Cellular Phones in use: 1.3 million (2007) Telephone system: general assessment: limited system of cable and open-wire lines, minor microwave radio relay links, and radiotelephone communications stations; mobile-cellular services expanding rapidly domestic: Mauritel, the national telecommunications company, was privatized in 2001 but remains the monopoly provider of fixed-line services; fixed-line teledensity 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular network coverage extends mainly to urban areas with a teledensity approaching 40 per 100 persons; mostly cable and open-wire lines; a domestic satellite telecommunications system links Nouakchott with regional capitals international: country code - 222; satellite earth stations - 3 (1 Intelsat - Atlantic Ocean, 2 Arabsat) Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 14, shortwave 1 (2001) Television broadcast stations: 1 (2002) Internet country code: .mr Internet hosts: 34 (2008) Internet users: 30,000 (2006) ^Back to Top Transportation Airports: 25 (2007) Airports (paved runways): total: 8 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 (2007) Airports (unpaved runways): total: 17 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 1 (2007) Railways: 717 km standard gauge: 717 km 1.435-m gauge (2006) Roadways: total: 11,066 km paved: 2,966 km unpaved: 8,100 km (2006) Waterways: some navigation possible on Senegal River Ports and terminals: Nouadhibou, Nouakchott ^Back to Top Military Military branches: Mauritanian Armed Forces: Army, Mauritanian Navy (Marine Mauritanienne; includes naval infantry), Islamic Air Force of Mauritania (Force Aerienne Islamique de Mauritanie, FAIM) (2008) Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age (est.); conscript service obligation - 2 years; majority of servicemen believed to be volunteers; service in Air Force and Navy is voluntary (2006) Manpower available for military service: males age 16-49: 740,675 females age 16-49: 744,709 (2008 est.) Manpower fit for military service: males age 16-49: 463,305 females age 16-49: 484,777 (2008 est.) | |
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